*Updated May 2026 to reflect current Department of Home Affairs processing times and citizenship test requirements.*
What is Australian citizenship by conferral?
Australian citizenship by conferral is the process by which a person who is not an Australian citizen by birth or descent applies to become an Australian citizen. It is the final step in the migration journey for most permanent residents. Citizenship gives you the right to vote in Australian elections, apply for an Australian passport, and the security of permanent belonging that cannot be taken away by a change in visa status.
Citizenship applications appear straightforward but contain several traps, particularly around the residence calculation and the good character requirement. I see applications refused every year for errors that could have been avoided with proper advice at the outset.
*This guide provides general information only and does not constitute legal advice.*
Who is eligible for Australian citizenship by conferral?
To be eligible for Australian citizenship by conferral, an applicant must satisfy all of the following criteria under the Australian Citizenship Act 2007:
How to apply for Australian citizenship by conferral
Step 1: Confirm eligibility
The applicant must confirm they meet the residence requirement before lodging. The residence calculation is the most common source of errors. Absences must be calculated precisely, including any time spent outside Australia on a bridging visa before the permanent visa was granted.
Step 2: Book and sit the citizenship test
The applicant must book the citizenship test online through the Department of Home Affairs website. The test consists of 20 multiple-choice questions drawn from the official resource book *Australian Citizenship: Our Common Bond*. A score of at least 75% (15 out of 20) is required to pass. There is no limit on the number of attempts.
Step 3: Lodge the application
The application must be lodged online through ImmiAccount after passing the citizenship test. The application fee is $595 AUD (from 1 July 2026). The applicant must provide identity documents, evidence of residence, and any relevant character documents.
Step 4: Attend an interview (if required)
Some applicants are invited to attend an interview with a Department officer. This is not routine but is more common where there are character concerns, complex residence calculations, or identity issues.
Step 5: Attend the citizenship ceremony
If the application is approved, the applicant will be invited to attend a citizenship ceremony and make the Australian Citizenship Pledge. Citizenship is conferred at the ceremony.
The citizenship test
The citizenship test consists of 20 multiple-choice questions drawn from the official resource book *Australian Citizenship: Our Common Bond*. The test covers:
- Australia's democratic beliefs, rights, and liberties
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- Australian history
- Australian society and values
- Australian symbols and national anthem
A score of at least 75% (15 out of 20 correct) is required to pass. There is no limit on the number of attempts. The test is available in English only.
Preparation: Read the official resource book thoroughly. The questions are drawn directly from it and the book is available as a free download from the Department of Home Affairs website.
Common issues and how to address them
| Issue | What to do |
|---|---|
| Excessive absences from Australia | Apply for a discretionary exemption if absences were for compelling reasons (work, family emergency, medical treatment) |
| Criminal history | Seek legal advice — minor offences may not prevent citizenship but must be disclosed |
| Failed citizenship test | You can resit the test — there is no limit on attempts |
| Application delays | Processing times are currently 12–18 months; contact the Department if significantly delayed |
| Permanent visa expired | You must hold a valid permanent visa at the time of decision — renew if necessary |
| Complex residence calculation | Seek legal advice before lodging — an incorrect calculation can result in a refusal |
Processing times
Current processing times for citizenship applications are approximately 12 to 18 months from lodgement to ceremony. This can vary depending on the complexity of the case and the volume of applications. The Department does not provide individual updates on progress.
My view as a practising immigration lawyer
The residence calculation is the most common trap in citizenship applications. The four-year period must be calculated precisely, and absences must be counted accurately. I have seen applications refused because the applicant miscounted their absences by a matter of days.
The good character requirement is the second most common issue. Any criminal history — including minor offences, spent convictions, or offences committed overseas — must be disclosed. Non-disclosure is treated as a character issue in itself and can result in a refusal that would not otherwise have occurred.
If you have any doubt about your eligibility, seek advice before lodging. A refusal is not the end of the road, but it delays the process and requires additional work to address.
*This commentary reflects my professional opinion based on 27 years of immigration law practice. It does not constitute legal advice for your specific circumstances.*
Frequently asked questions
I have been absent from Australia for 14 months in the last 4 years. Can I still apply?
You exceed the 12-month absence limit, but you may be able to apply for a discretionary exemption if your absences were for compelling reasons — such as work, family emergencies, or medical treatment. I would need to review the specific circumstances of your absences before advising whether an exemption is available.
Does time on a bridging visa count towards the residence requirement?
Time spent in Australia on a bridging visa counts as lawful presence but does not count as time as a permanent resident. Only time spent holding a permanent visa counts towards the 12-month permanent resident requirement.
Can I include my children in my citizenship application?
Yes. Children under 16 can be included in a parent's citizenship application. Children aged 16 and over must lodge their own application. Children born in Australia to Australian citizens are automatically Australian citizens by birth.
What happens if I fail the citizenship test?
There is no limit on the number of attempts. You can rebook and resit the test as many times as needed. The test is available at Department of Home Affairs offices across Australia.
Can my citizenship be cancelled after it is granted?
Australian citizenship by conferral can be cancelled in limited circumstances, including if it was obtained by fraud or misrepresentation. Citizenship cannot be cancelled simply because your circumstances change after conferral.
Get expert guidance on your citizenship application
If you have complex circumstances — excessive absences, character concerns, or a complicated residence history — I am available for a $97 Consultation to assess your eligibility and advise on the best path forward.
Practitioner Note — Nilesh Nandan
Citizenship applications appear straightforward but contain several traps, particularly around the residence calculation and the good character requirement. I see applications refused every year for errors that could have been avoided with proper advice at the outset.
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Questions & Answers
I have been absent from Australia for 14 months in the last 4 years. Can I still apply?
You exceed the 12-month absence limit, but you may be able to apply for a discretionary exemption if your absences were for compelling reasons — such as work, family emergencies, or medical treatment. I would need to review the specific circumstances of your absences.