I have been absent from Australia for 14 months in the last 4 years. Can I still apply?

You exceed the 12-month absence limit, but you may be able to apply for a discretionary exemption if your absences were for compelling reasons — such as work, family emergencies, or medical treatment. I would need to review the specific circumstances of your absences.

Australian Citizenship: Application Guide for 2026

What is Australian citizenship by conferral?

Australian citizenship by conferral is the process by which a person who is not an Australian citizen by birth or descent applies to become an Australian citizen. It is the final step in the migration journey for most permanent residents. Citizenship gives you the right to vote in Australian elections, apply for an Australian passport, and the security of permanent belonging that cannot be taken away by a change in visa status.

Citizenship applications appear straightforward but contain several traps, particularly around the residence calculation and the good character requirement. I see applications refused every year for errors that could have been avoided with proper advice at the outset.

Who is eligible for Australian citizenship by conferral?

To be eligible for Australian citizenship by conferral, an applicant must satisfy all of the following criteria under the Australian Citizenship Act 2007:

Permanent resident status — The applicant must hold a permanent visa at the time of application and at the time the decision is made. (Australian Citizenship Act 2007, s.21(2)(a))

Residence requirement — The applicant must have been lawfully present in Australia for at least four years immediately before the date of application, including at least 12 months as a permanent resident. The applicant must not have been absent from Australia for more than 12 months in total during the four-year period, including no more than 90 days in the 12 months immediately before applying. (Australian Citizenship Act 2007, s.22)

Good character — The applicant must be of good character at the time of application and at the time of decision. The Department will assess any criminal history, including offences committed overseas. (Australian Citizenship Act 2007, s.21(2)(h))

Basic knowledge of English — The applicant must have a basic knowledge of the English language. (Australian Citizenship Act 2007, s.21(2)(f))

Adequate knowledge of Australia — The applicant must have an adequate knowledge of Australia and the responsibilities and privileges of citizenship, demonstrated by passing the citizenship test. (Australian Citizenship Act 2007, s.21(2)(e))

Intention to reside or maintain association with Australia — The applicant must intend to reside in Australia or maintain a close and continuing association with Australia. (Australian Citizenship Act 2007, s.21(2)(g))

How to apply for Australian citizenship by conferral

Step 1: Confirm eligibility The applicant must confirm they meet the residence requirement before lodging. The residence calculation is the most common source of errors. Absences must be calculated precisely, including any time spent outside Australia on a bridging visa before the permanent visa was granted.

All immigration guides